Showing posts with label kanji. Show all posts
Showing posts with label kanji. Show all posts

ようこそ、みんな!

 


Welcome to my newest blog on learning Japanese!
わたしのブログへようこそ!

I hope you had wonderful holidays and I hope the brand new year will give you love, health and adventures! And if you have stumbled upon my blog, this only means that learning Japanese is one of the goals you set yourself to achieve this year!

I am glad to be able to do this again as I have missed teaching languages. You can call me Dolly Panda (or should I say, Panda-sensei!) and I'll be your teacher for the next few months!

So, have you ever wanted to learn the language of the country of the Rising Sun, but never knew where to start? Or have you ever dived into it, but found it too difficult? Or perhaps, you are simply tired of rigid textbooks and you just wanted to learn real Japanese?

Well, you are in luck, because I myself am also tired of this rigid way of learning languages and I seek to teach real or natural Japanese to finally allow people to speak like native Japanese. So, forget textbooks or learning apps that only teach you one way to say things!

My blog will carefully be divided into easy lessons that will be simple to follow, along with tips to really explain to you in detail how this language is constructed. If ever you do not understand something, do not hesitate to leave a comment with your question(s), I will make sure to answer ASAP, and I will also update my lessons or add your questions, so other people will also be able to have their own questions answered.

So, a little bit about me, I guess. I have taught Japanese to my friends and other people since high school. I have always been passionate about languages, having taught myself English and other languages like German and Polish, and I have always loved sharing my passion with others. I have taken education classes in university to perfect my way of building courses on my own and I have incorporated everything I have learned in my lessons. I find Japanese to be easier to teach than English or French, so this is why I have decided to open up this blog. And I will assure you, Japanese is not as difficult as people think it is! With motivation and passion, you can conquer almost any language!

Japanese is also a really popular language to learn, thanks to anime, hence my decision to set myself on teaching this language. I have encountered many people who wanted to learn Japanese, but unfortunately, with the rigid teaching of textbooks and the unnatural Japanese that often comes with these books, many people had a tendency to stop learning after a while or to sound unnatural when speaking Japanese. Well, I want to solve that problem!


The Language of the Rising Sun
日本語

So, before even diving into learning this language, let's look at some facts about it.

Japanese is a language belonging to the Japonic or Japanese-Ryukyuan family and is spoken by around 128 million people in Japan. The language is mostly close to Korean, so if you ever master the Japanese language, think about learning Korean next, it will be much easier for you!

Japanese has a subject-object-verb order like most languages. English has a subject-verb-object order, so it might take you a while to get into the grove of Japanese because of this. The verbs in Japanese are always at the end of a clause or a sentence, do not forget that! 

 Japanese has three forms of writing: katakana (カタカナ), hiragana (ひらがな) and kanji (漢字). In the ancient times, Japanese used to be written with only kanji, which are Chinese non-simplified characters, but was later simplified by creating other writing systems to make it easier for people to read and write (which were the hiragana and katakana). The katakana alphabet was invented in the 9th century and the hiragana alphabet during the second half of the 9th century. It was believed that since hiragana were more delicate that it was a woman's writing, while the kanji remained a man's writing.

Japanese is also a language that uses the keigo system (which we can call the polite system). You may have heard that the language has a polite form and a neutral (familiar or casual) form. Most of the time in anime or manga, you will see a lot of the neutral (or familiar) form, and in textbooks, you will see mostly the polite form. We will call the familiar or neutral form 'casual' henceforth to not get confused. We will look at this later on, but for now, I will briefly explain what it entails. 

The polite form, or keigo, works with the verb endings and there are three keigo forms: the teineigo, which is the basic politeness, and the two keigo-styled politeness, sonkeigo and kenjougo. I will not go into much detail on those polite forms in the courses, because the sonkeigo and kenjougo are highly difficult to master (Japanese people themselves, we just do not know how to use them properly), but just be aware that they do exist. In the lessons, we will mostly view the teineigo and the keigo itself.

All of this (the three writing systems, the keigo system...) seems to be difficult. But do you know what is nice about the Japanese language? It does not have any gender, like Romance languages, nor plural like many languages, and the verbs keep the same form no matter the pronoun used (and most of the time, pronouns are dropped altogether!) And it has no noun cases like it is the case in Polish or Finnish! This makes it, in my opinion, one of the easiest languages to learn.

With this in mind, are you ready to learn Japanese?

Oh, and another thing before we dive into the lessons!

You can actually write Japanese with letters. This is called roumaji script. However, it is also important to learn the Japanese alphabet, along with katakana, hiragana and kanji. Japanese people just do not write in letters. I know this can be hard and not a lot of people actually want to learn them, but you have to! This is the only way if you want to read manga or if you ever visit Japan outside of Tokyo. So, in my lessons, I will start up with roumaji, but I will slowly abandon it to favour the Japanese writing instead to encourage you to learn it. So, at some point, if you do not learn the katakana and hiragana, you won't be able to go further into the lessons! 

Keep also in mind that I will not teach kanji here, because it requires knowing the stroke order and this is impossible to do in a blog. There is an excellent book I found to learn kanji, so if you really want to learn some, this book will come in handy for you! The book is Kanji Look and Learn; I bet you can find it on Amazon.

Duolingo is a good way to help you learn the hiragana and katakana, and even kanji, but the Japanese on Duolingo is not natural and can contain mistakes. I would avoid it to learn the language itself, but it can be a good tool to learn the writing systems. You can learn the kanji, but I would not really worry about it, to be honest. It is almost impossible to know all 2000 kanji to be sufficient in Japanese if you do not live in Japan for several years and to be fair, only knowing an handful is good enough. If you know the most useful ones, I would say it is enough. Most manga, if you want to read manga in Japanese, have furigana, which are hiragana written next to kanji to help you read them anyway.

じゃ、これからいっしょにがんばりましょう!
Ja, kore kara issho ni ganbarimashou!
So, from now on, let's do our best!

Table of Content

 TABLE OF CONTENT

This page will be updated every time a new article is up!
Just click on one lesson to access it!
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Welcome

(Welcome message and information)

LESSON 1

Introducing oneself + Useful expressions

(Learn how to introduce yourself in Japanese, talking about your hobbies, 
the verb 'to be' and asking questions, and learn about useful phrases)

LESSON 2

To be or not to be (negation of the verb です (desu) + Hiragana table

(Learn how to say the verb 'to be' in the negative 
and start up learning the hiragana)

LESSON 3


(Learn how to say 'there is...' with locations, the particles が (ga), に (ni) and は (wa), 
and learn the wh-questions)

LESSON 4


(Learn the katakana table and the writing rules)

LESSON 5


(Learn the demonstrative pronouns, the possessive marker の (no), 
how to say 'too' or 'also' も (mo), how to say -noun and noun- with と (to) 
and the final particle よ (yo) + Bonus: name suffixes)

LESSON 6


(Learn how to tell time with に (ni), how to tell the future or 
habitual actions with 〜ます (〜masu) and the present tense 〜て (〜te) form
and the object marker を (o)

LESSON 7


(Learn how to say -with- と (to) or by oneself, the instrumental marker で (de), 
the direction and goal markers へ (e) and に (ni), how to say 'let's do something'
and the final particle ね (ne)

LESSON 8


(Learn how to express yourself using the past tense,
how to say you went from A to B with から (kara) and まで (made) and how
to say '... but...' with が (ga)

LESSON 9


(Learn how to answer 'why' by 'because', how to say 'this and that, among other things'
and how to express 'already' with もう (mou) and 'yet' with まだ (mada)

LESSON 10


(Learn the casual form to be able to construct more sentences, 
how to express you have the intention to do something and how to say 'I want to do...')

LESSON 11


(Learn how to express your desires, how to say you have already done this or that,
and how to tell your friends you are able to do something)

LESSON 12


(An entire lesson on adjectives ending in い and な,
how to conjugate them in the affirmative, negative and past
and how to express likes and dislikes and how to form adjectival clauses)

LESSON 13


(Learn how to say 'I can' or 'I cannot', how to say you have to do something,
how to express the conditional with 'if' and how to cite a chain of actions with 〜て)

LESSON 14


(Learn how to say 'when I...', 'during...' and 'each time')

LESSON 15


(Learn how to say 'I think...', 'I decide to...' and
how to say 'to become something')

LESSON 16


(Learn how to say 'to give and receive something', 
how to say 'in order to...' or 'for' and how to say 'I said' and 'I heard')

LESSON 17


(Learn how to cite examples, how to say maybe or perhaps 
and how to express 'I wonder...' and 'do' and 'do not...')

LESSON 18


(Learn how to express the need for something, how to compare, 
how to say 'before' and 'after' and how to say 'I hope...')

LESSON 19


(Learn how to say the verb 'to try', the volition form in the casual form,
giving order and the form 'might or might not')

LESSON 20


(Learn how to ask permission, how to say 'it seems like, 
sounds like, or looks like' and how to say 'instead')

LESSON 21


(Learn how to say you are 'about to do something', how to say you did too much,
how to express something is easy or difficult, and to say 'as')

LESSON 22


(Learn how to count things with the counters)

LESSON 23


(Learn the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs in Japanese,
causative verbs and the passive form)

LESSON 24


(Learn some vocabulary and
about different dialects)

LESSON 25


(Learn how to express a gradual process with verbs 
and how to express doing an action in advance for future use)

LESSON 26


(Learn how to say that someone appears to feel like,
how to express an explanatory feeling and something you want to happen)

LESSON 27


(Learn how to use こと (koto) and の (no) as nominilazers and 
the use of さすが (sasuga) and はず (hazu)

LESSON 28


(Learn another particle ばかり (bakari) (just), how to use しまう (shimau) and
the expression 'willing to do', and the use of しかない (shikanai) (only)

LESSON 29


(Learn how to say 'approximately', how to say 'due to' and the expressions
こそ (koso) and まま (mama)

LESSON 30


(Learn how to say 'to the point that', 'given that', 'due to' as in fault,
and 'despite')

LESSON 31


(Learn how to say 'should' with べき (beki), how to say 'probably not', 'not necessarily'
and another way of saying 'and', and the expression 'without doing')

LESSON 32


(Learn how to say 'even so', 'kind of' and 'absolutely not')

LESSON 33


(Learn how to say 'have the nerve' or 'courage to do', how to say 'in my own way',
'in succession' and how to say 'do a favour')

LESSON 34


(Learn how to say 'how many' and 'how much' and 
how to say 'which' and 'what kind')

EXPLANATION ON PARTICLES


(An article all about particles, what they mean, how to use them correctly,
and more)

SPECIAL ARTICLE ON KANJI


(A special article about kanji to learn more about them)

SLANG IN MANGA AND ANIME


(A special article on Japanese slang)

ALL ABOUT VERBS IN JAPANESE


(Learn more about verbs and how to conjugate them)

To be or not to be (negation of the verb です) + Hiragana table

 ________________________________________________________

だいがくせいじゃありません。せんせいです!
Daigakusei ja arimasen. Sensei desu!
I am not a student. I am a teacher!

Verb 'to be' in the negative form

In our last lesson, we saw our first verb in Japanese, the verb です (desu), which is the verb 'to be'.
We also saw that verbs do not change according to the pronouns, like it is the case in French or in English with the third person singular pronoun. The verb endings will only change when we change tenses or if we speak in different keigo or familiarity levels. 

Now, it is time to learn how to transform this verb into the negative form as this will become handy to you if ever someone is wrong about your name or your profession.

To say the verb 'to be' in the negative form, simply change です (desu) to じゃありません (ja arimasen.) You will notice that a lot of verbs in Japanese end in 〜ます (〜masu) for the affirmative and 〜ません (〜masen) for the negative. 

There is another way to say the negative form of です (desu) and it is ではありません (dewa arimasen), which is a littler bit more polite.

Excuse-me, are you Panda-sensei?
すみません、パンダせんせいですか?
Sumimasen, Panda-sensei desu ka?

No, I am not Panda-sensei. I am only a student.
いいえ、パンダせんせいじゃありません。がくせいだけです。
Iie, Panda-sensei ja arimasen. Gakusei dake desu.

In this sentence, だけ (dake) means 'only.' You can see that, in the case of the negative, the sentence structure is the exact same as in the affirmative. So, in the case of simple sentences with the verb です (desu), the affirmative, negative and question sentences have the same order.

Excuse-me, are you Naoko-san?
すみません、なおこさんですか?
Sumimasen, Naoko-san desu ka?

No, I am not Naoko. I am Emi.
いいえ、なおこじゃありません。エミです。
Iie, Naoko ja arimasen. Emi desu.

Are you an engineer?
エンジニアですか?
Enjinia desu ka?

No, I am not an engineer. I am an office worker.
いいえ、エンジニアじゃありません。かいしゃいんです。
Iie, enjinia ja arimasen. Kaishain desu.

So, the verb 'desu' in the negative becomes 'ja arimasen'. Keep in mind that the verb 'to be' is totally irregular in Japanese.
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Hiragana Table

It is time already to make you study those hiragana! Hiragana are the first characters that we learn as children and they are far easier than katakana. Technically speaking, once you learn the hiragana, you will be able to write in Japanese completely. 

The Japanese alphabet is composed of consonant-vowel syllables, which make Japanese easy to pronounce. There are 46 hiragana for the 46 basic syllables. 

For certain sounds, Japanese add either tenten or maru, which are small symbols on top of the hiragana to make another sound. You can see that the hiragana in the centre of the graph below, which make a g, a z, a d and a b-sound, use the tenten (these two small strokes on top of the hiragana) and the hiragana below them, which make a p-sound, use the maru (the small circle on top of them.)

On the right-hand side, these are what we called complex syllables, which will use either a small や (ya), ゆ (yu) or よ (yo), combined with the syllable i to make complex sounds like kya, kyu, kyo, sha, shu, sho, cha, chu, cho, etc.


Writing conventions and rules

Once you have memorised and remembered these hiragana, you are not done yet. You still have to learn some writing rules. Learning these characters is yet not enough to be able to read or write in Japanese. There are some writing rules you need to remember.

You've already probably seen that there is no space between words when writing in Japanese. It's true. We don't space up words. It might be a little difficult for you at first to distinguish words in a sentence, but the more vocabulary you know, the more you will be able to pinpoint words. And of course, kanji is also good for this, as particles will often separate words and we write particles in hiragana, so all kanji forming a word will be separated by particles.

Long vowels

In Japanese, we make a distinction between short and long vowels. This is important to note, because if you do not make this distinction, you could say a different word than what you actually want to say.

 Take these two words for instance: obasan and obaasan. Obasan is aunt and obaasan is grandmother or an old woman. Now, you really don't want to mix these two up, do you?

Each vowel can be an elongated, a, i, u, e and o

For the vowels a, i and u, you simply add another a, i or u to make the sound longer.

さん = おさん (aunt = grandmother, old woman)
さん = おさん (uncle = grandfather, old man)
り = り (pickpocket = mathematical principle)

For a longer e, you add i to make the sound longer.

き = き (station = energy, spirit)
き = き (enemy = commuter ticket)

Note that this is not pronounced 'e-i', but 'ee'.

*There are some exceptions to this rule. 

さん (older sister)
 (yes, in a slang way)
いいです (it's good, isn't it?)

For a longer o, you add u to make the sound longer.

= (also = already) 
= (sail = law) 

These words will be pronounced mo-o and ho-o, not mo-u and ho-u. The only time you actually pronounce the u following an o is with verbs (i.e. omou will be pronounced omo-u.)

*There are some exceptions to this rule as well.

きい (big)
り (ice)
り (street)
さか (Osaka city)

Consonant break

Consonant break occurs when there is a double consonant, such as in the words gakkou, icchi, motto, shitto, etc. Consonant breaks are represented by a mini つ.

こう (school)
ち (one family)
と (more)
と (jealousy)

There will be a little pause in between ga and kou, i and chi, mo and to, and shi and to. If you do not make that pause, you will say a different word.

いき = いき (breath = riot)
はかい = はかい (destruction = 8th floor)
べし = べし (must, command = contempt)

So, be mindful when you pronounce certain words. Remember to pronounce long vowels and consonant breaks properly, otherwise you will be saying something completely different. Japanese people are very sensitive to hearing those differences.

Pitch accent

Pitch accent is not a big concern when it comes to learning Japanese, but I would like to talk about it since a lot of Japanese words are pronounced and written the same way. This is when kanji come in handy to differentiate these words. Take a look at these words for instance...

あめ (雨) = rain
あめ (飴) = sweets
しろ (白) = white
しろ (城) = castle

The pitch will determine which word you are saying. However, due to the context, we will be able to determine what you are saying, even if you don't have the right pitch accent.

The pitch accent, as I mentioned, is not a concern, only if you really want to sound like native speakers. But it is possible that pitch accents might change depending on the dialects as well. So, I would not really worry about it too much.
__________________________________________

Goodbye - Sayounara (really dramatic, we don't use it to say 'bye')
See you soon - Mata (ne) (*you can add 'ne' if you want)
See you tomorrow - Mata ashita
Excuse-me - Shitsurei (shimasu) (when you excuse yourself from something)
You're welcome - Douitashimashite (*not really used), douzo (yoroshiku onegaishimasu)
No, really, it's not like that - sonna koto arimasen (when receiving a compliment)
Yes - Hai
No - Iie
Welcome - Irrashaimase (when entering a shop), youkoso (general welcome), okaerinasai (when returning home)
I'm home - Tadaima
Sorry to disturb - Ojama shimasu (when entering somebody's home)
I'm going - Ittekimasu (when going out of the house)
Take care - ki o tsukete (ne), itterasshai (when someone is departing)
Sorry to keep you waiting - Omatase (shimashita)
Thank you for your time - Otsukaresama (deshita)
Hurry up - Isoide (kudasai)
It's okay - Daijoubu (desu)
I did it! - Yatta!
I am done - Dekimashita (polite form), dekita (casual form)

___________________________________________________________

You have completed lesson 2!
レッシュン2ができました!
Resshun 2 ga dekimashita!

Existential verbs + Particles が (ga), に (ni) and は (wa) + Question words

______________________________________________________________

こうえんにいぬがいます!
Kounen ni inu ga imasu!
There are dogs at the park!

Existential verbs

Two important verbs in Japanese, they demonstrate the existence of people and things. 

いる (iru) and ある (aru), with their keigo form います (imasu) and あります (arimasu), are used often in Japanese, so this is why it is important to learn them early. At the same time, we will learn our first particles, the particle が (ga), the particle に (ni) and the particle は (wa).

Japanese employs particles, which are often composed of one or two syllables, and their function is different depending on the sentence and meaning. Some verbs may require a certain particle, whereas some designate whether an object or person is the subject or object of a sentence. There are many particles, but do not worry, we will view them in due time!

For now, let's focus on the particle が which is used with these two existential verbs, います and あります, and the particle に, which is used with places and directions. 

The particle は (wa) in this case will be used with いません (imasen) and ありません (arimasen), which are the negative forms.

We can translate the existential verbs as 'there is' or 'there are' in English. います (imasu) is used when the subject we are talking about is an animate object (i.e. a person or an animal.) あります (arimasu), on the other hand, is used when we are talking about an inanimate object (i.e. a book.) 

There is a dog.
いぬいます
Inu ga imasu.

There is a book.
ほんあります
Hon ga arimasu.

When you want to say that something exists in a place, this is where you will use the particle に.
This is a bit more difficult to construct. に (ni), in this case, is a particle that designates the location of something or someone. 

LOCATION + に + SUBJECT + が + あります
LOCATION + に + SUBJECT + が + います

There is a book on the table.
つくえのうえほんあります
Tsukue no ue (location) ni (particle) hon (object) ga (particle) arimasu.

つくえ (tsukue) is 'desk' and うえ (ue) is 'up' or 'on.' The particle の (no) in between signifies 'on top of the table.' We will see の in more detail soon.

SUBJECT + は + LOCATION + に + あります
SUBJECT + は + LOCATION + に + います

This construction only works if we know what we are talking about.
The particle は (wa) in all cases will be pronounced as 'wa' and not 'ha.' 
It is a topic marker or a subject particle.

The book is on the table.
ほんつくえのうえあります。
Hon wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu.

In this sentence, we know what book we are talking about, as in 'the Harry Potter book is on the table.' Thus, we cannot use this sentence construction if we are talking about a book in general. It is the same in English if we say 'the book is on the table' versus 'a book is on the table.'

I am now in Tokyo.
わたしいまとうきょういます
Watashi wa ima Toukyou ni imasu.

いま (ima) means 'now' or 'right now.' In this case, since you are talking about yourself (thus, we know what or who we are talking about), we cannot use が (ga). We have to use は (wa).

People have a lot of difficulty knowing the difference between the particles 'ga' and 'wa' and how and when to use them when they are learning Japanese, and this is all normal!
It is even difficult to explain the difference.

Do not worry, we will see both of these particles deeper in other lessons. For now, focus on the existential verbs and what we learned today.

あります and います as 'to have'

います and あります can also be used to say that we have something. It can act as the verb 'to have' in a general sense, as in 'I have two dogs' and not as 'I have a book (in my hands right now).'

I have manga at home.
いえまんがあります
Ie ni manga ga arimasu.

Meilin, do you have a dog?
めいりんはいぬいますか?
Meirin wa inu ga imasu ka?

Yes, I have a dog.
はい、いぬいます
Hai, inu ga imasu.

Negative form

As mentioned, the negative form of います and あります is いません (imasen) and ありません (arimasen).

Only one catch with this negative form... Instead of using the particle が (ga), we have to use the particle は (wa) for the negation, and this is also the case for all actions verbs in the negative. 
For now, let's just focus on the negative form of あります and います.

Meilin, do you have a dog?
めいりんはいぬがいますか?
Meirin wa inu ga imasu ka?

No, I do not have a dog.
いいえ、いぬいません
Iie, inu wa imasen.

So far, we have seen two uses of the particle は (wa). 

In the lesson about how to introduce yourself in Japanese, we saw that は was a topic or subject particle, such as watashi wa, or Reina wa... But here, it is used with verbs in the negative when there is an object, such as hon wa arimasen, inu wa imasen...

This is because, when stating sentences in the negative, we tend to emphasise. So, the particle は will be used to emphasise certain things, which is not the case with the particle が.

We will see that は will also be used for the negative form of action verbs in another lesson.

Something, someone, somewhere
なにか, だれか/どなたか, どこかに
Anything, anyone, anywhere
なにも, だれも/どなたも, どこにも

With なにか (nanika), だれか (dareka) /どなたか (donataka), the use of が (ga) is optional.
With なにも (nanimo), だれも (daremo) /どなたも (donatamo), が (ga) must not be used.

Is there something on the bed?
ベッドの うえになにか)ありますか?
Beddo no ue ni nanika (ga) arimasu ka?

No, there is nothing on the bed.
いいえ、ベッドのうえになにもありません。
Iie, beddo no ue ni nanimo arimasen.

Is there someone?
だれか () いますか?
Dareka (ga) imasu ka?

There isn't anyone. (There is no one.)
だれもいません。
Daremo imasen.

In building sentences, which part of the sentence do you put first in Japanese? 
That's a good question and one that is worth studying. Most of the time in Japanese, the topic will come first, so anything that requires the particle は (wa). The subject will come first, obviously, followed by the object and then the verb.

In the cases we have seen, it is more natural to start with the location, followed by the subject, and then the verb. So, we would put, for instance, ベッドのうえに (beddo no ue ni) before なにも (nanimo).

It will take time to understand how to arrange a sentence, but you can always rely on what you have learned to recreate a sentence. Basically, you just follow the examples and replicate what you see. Japanese is pretty straightforward for this.
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Question words

Now that we have learned the verbs 'to be' and 'to exist,' it is time to learn these question words. 

なに / なん (nani/nan) = what
だれ / どなた (dare/donata) = who
どこ (doko) = where
いつ (itsu) = when
どうして / なぜ / なんで (doushite/naze/nande) = why
どうやって (douyatte) = how (as in 'how do we do this')
どう (dou) = how (as in 'how is it')

なに becomes なん in front of です, for pronunciation purposes.

What is it?
なんですか?
Nan desu ka?

どなた is the respectful version of だれ.

Who is it?
だれですか?
Dare desu ka?

Where is the bank?
ぎんこうはどこですか?
Ginkou wa doko desu ka?

When is Tomoya's birthday?
ともやのたんじょうびはいつですか?
Tomoya no tanjoubi wa itsu desu ka?

なぜ is more used by men than women. You will probably hear なんで more often than どうして. Technically speaking, なんで means 'how' but we mostly use it to ask 'why'.

Why?
どうしてですか?
Doushite desu ka?

なんでですか?
Nande desu ka?

If you are unsure, you can view nande as meaning 'how come?' which also means 'why'.

How come you can understand Japanese?
なんでにほんごがわかりますか?
Nande nihongo ga wakarimasu ka?

How do you remember kanji?
どうやってかんじをおぼえますか?
Douyatte kanji o oboemasu ka?

In this sentence, you can put かんじを (kanji o) at the beginning, although it sounds more natural to start with どうやって (douyatte).

How is it?
どうですか?
Dou desu ka?
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Congratulations! You made it to the end of lesson 3! 

Don't forget that I am always here to answer questions if you need any help! Take it step by step and soon, you will be able to understand and express yourself in basic situations!

Next time, we will learn the katakana alphabet and this one will be an entire lesson, as katakana are harder to learn and have more writing rules than hiragana.
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To exist, to be, to have - います/あります (imasu/arimasu)
Book - ほん (hon)
Dictionary - じしょ (jisho)
Library - としょかん (toshokan)
Dog - いぬ (inu)
Cat - ねこ (neko)
Animal - どうぶつ (doubutsu)
Country - くに (kuni)
Town, city - まち (machi)
Village - むら (mura)
Up, on - うえ(に)(ue (ni)
Down, below, under - した(に)(shita (ni)
In front - まえ(に)(mae (ni)
Behind - うしろ(に)(ushiro (ni)
To the left - ひだり(に)(hidari (ni)
To the right - みぎ(に)(migi (ni)
In, centre, middle - なか(に)(naka (ni)
Outside, out of - そと(に)(soto (ni)
House - いえ (ie)
School - がっこう (gakkou)
University - だいがく (daigaku)
Classroom - きょうしつ (kyoushitsu)
Desk - つくえ (tsukue)
Chair - いす (isu)

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You have completed lesson 3!
レッシュン3ができました!

Katakana table

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The dear and lovely katakana... the other Japanese symbols that everyone hates more than anything. Even kanji receive more love than katakana.

But seriously, you cannot not learn the katakana, as they exist to transcribe foreign words.
The problem with them is that they require a lot of writing rules compared to the hiragana.




Are you ready for the rules?

Many students studying Japanese find katakana to be harder than kanji and identifying them can be a challenge for English speakers. They have several writing rules to them, as well as representing foreign words that sometimes can be easy or hard to read. Katakana must be written as how the words sound. For instance, we can write 'apple' in katakana like this, アップル (appuru). Saying it quickly will sound like 'apple.'

As I have mentioned, katakana have more rules when it comes to writing than hiragana
One rule, however, is exactly like the one in hiragana and that is the consonant break. In katakana, as you can see with the word アップル, we still see the mini ッ to represent the pause. Otherwise, long vowels are written differently with katakana; we will use ー to write long vowels. This is pretty simple compared to hiragana. Thus, to write 'card', we will write カード (ka-do). Imagine it as a sign stretching the sound.

But the writing rules do not stop there. As we have to write the sound a foreign word makes when we write in katakana, there are some sounds we must take into consideration in order to know how to write a word in katakana

It is important to remember that Japanese is a consonant-vowel syllable language, meaning a consonant must be followed by a vowel. As such, when you meet a word in English that you have to write in katakana, you need to 'translate' this word in the Japanese alphabet. Take a word like 'strike' for instance; in Japanese, we must insert a vowel after 's' and 't' (and 'k' as well). The default vowel for such adjustment is 'u'. 

However, if we insert 'u' after 't', the consonant changes. Remember that 't' and 'd' in hiragana are つ (tsu) and づ (dzu) respectively. For 't' and 'd', we will insert an 'o' instead. Thus, 'strike' becomes ストライク (sutoraiku). 'Strike' can be written in two ways, either ストライク (sutoraiku) as in a baseball strike, or ストライキ (sutoraiki), meaning a labour strike.

Vowels

When an English word is borrowed, all English vowels must be categorised in one of the 5 Japanese vowels. Even though there are 6 vowels in English (a, e, i, o, u, y), there are more vowels sounds. Some English vowels are longer than the others. Compare 'live' and 'leave'; they have different qualities, but both sound like 'i' for Japanese speakers. Because Japanese make a distinction between short and long vowels, native speakers are particularly sensitive to length differences.

( i ) in 'heal' is perceived by Japanese as a long ( i )

アイスクリーム (aisu kuriimu) - Ice cream
スキー (sukii) - Ski 
スニーカー (suniikaa) - Sneaker 
チーズ (chiizu) - Cheese

( i ) as in 'hill' is perceived as a short ( i )

テレビ (terebi) - Television 
テニス (tenisu) - Tennis
ミルク (miruku) - Milk
ピアノ (piano) - Piano 

( ei ) as in 'hail' is perceived as a long ( e )

 ケーキ (keeki) - Cake
テーブル (teeburu) - Table
エアメール (eameeru) - Airmail
レインコート (reincooto) - Raincoat

( e ) as in 'bell' is perceived as a short ( e )

 ブレッド (bureddo) - Bread
ペン (pen) - Pen
テスト (tesuto) - Test
デスク (desuku) - Desk

( ae ) as in 'hat' is perceived as a short ( a )

 アップル (appuru) - Apple
カメラ (kamera) - Camera
バッグ (Baggu) - Bag 
プラン (puran) - Plan

( o ) as in 'not' is perceived as a short ( o ), or less frequently as a long ( o )

コーヒー (koohii) - Coffee
ポット (potto) - Pot
ロボット (robotto) - Robot
ゴルフ  (gorufu) - Golf

( o ) as in 'old' is perceived as a long ( o )

ノート (notto) - Note
トースト (toosuto) - Toast
ボート (booto) - Boat
ローン (roon) - Loan

( u ) as in 'good' is perceived as a short ( u )

インプット (inputto) - Input
クッキー (kukkii) - Cookie
ブック (bukku) - Book
ブッシュ (busshu) - Bush

( u ) is in 'moon' is perceived as a long ( u )

 プール  (puuru) - Pool
フード (fuudo) - Food
ルーム (ruumu) - Room
ルール (ruuru) - Rule

( a ) as in 'hut' is perceived as a short ( a )

アメリカ (amerika) - America
カップ (kappu) - Cup
コンピューター (konpyuutaa) - Computer
トラック (torakku) - Truck

( ai ) as in 'ice' is perceived as a combination of ( a ) and ( i )

アイスコーヒー (aisukoohii) - Ice coffee
アイデア (aidea) - Idea
ナイフ (naifu) - Knife
 パイ (pai) - Pie

( ao ) as in 'how' is perceived as a combination of ( a ) and ( u )

 タウン (taun) - Town
ダウ (dau) - Dow (Jones)
ハウス (hausu) - House
マウス (mausu) - Mouse

The sequence of vowel and an ( r ) is perceived as the corresponding long vowel. The sounds in English 'bird' and 'bard' are represented by the same symbols in katakana; both would be written and pronounced バード (ba-do).

ガールフレンド (gaarufurendo) - Girlfriend
アパート (apaato) - Apartment
コース (koosu) - Course
サーカス (saakasu) - Circus

F sounds

( f ) by itself or with a ( ou, u ) is perceived as 'hu' and represented as フ, because this has the most f-like sound of the syllables in the series. ( f ) with other vowels is written as フ plus the following vowel in a small letter.

フランス  (furansu) - France
フットボール (futtobooru) - Football
ファミリー (famirii) - Family
ドルフィン (dorufin) - Dolphin
フィルム (firumu) - Film
フェリー (ferii) - Ferry
カリフォルニア (kariforunia) - California

L and R

( l ) and ( r ) are perceived as ( r ).

ボールペン (boorupen) - Ballpen
コーラ (koora) - Cola coke
ステレオ (sutereo) - Stereo
トランペット (toranpetto) - Trumpet

T and D 

In the authentic Japanese sound system, (t + i) becomes チ (chi), (d + i) becomes ジ (ji) and (t + u) becomes ツ (tsu).

 チケット (chiketto) - Ticket
ミュージック (myuujikku) - Music
ラジオ (rajio) - Radio
ツー (tsuu) - Two

However, an increasing number of Japanese speakers pronounce ( ti ) and ( di ) the same way as English speakers do. This new pronunciation can be represented in katakana like ティ and ディ. Some Japanese write ( tu ) as トゥ, but this is not widely used.

ティー (tii) - Tea
パーティー (paatii) - Party
キャンディー (kyandii) - Candy
タトゥー (tatuu) - Tattoo

TH sound

The initial consonants in 'thank' and 'this' are perceived as ( s ) and ( z ), although in a small number of words the voiceless ( th ) is represented as ( t ).

シアター (shiataa) - Theatre
スリー (surii) - Three
マザー (mazaa) - Mother
サンキュー (sankyuu) - Thank you
アロマテラピー (aromaterapii) - Aromatherapy
エステティック (esutetikku) - Aesthetic

She, je, che sounds

The (she, je, che) sounds do not occur in authentic Japanese words, but can be represented in katakana as シェ、ジェ and チェ respectively.

シェフ (shefu) - Chef
ジェット (jetto) - Jet
チェック (chekku) - Check
チェリー (cherii) - Cherry

ゃ, ゅ, ょ 

Some English words are like those represented in hiragana with a small ゃ, ゅ, ょ and are represented the same in katakana.

キャッシュ (kyasshu) - Cash
シャワー (shawaa) - Shower
チューリップ (chuurippu) - Tulip
チャーチ (chaachi) - Church

V sound

( v ) does not exist in Japanese, but it is pronounced and written as a ( b ). 

アイビー (aibii) - Ivy
ベジタブル (bejitaburu) - Vegetable
バイオリン (baiorin) - Violin

YE sound

Both in hiragana and katakana, ( y ) occurs only with (a, u, o). The syllable ( ye ) can be written イェ.

 イェーツ (ieetsu) - Yates
イェール (ieeru) - Yale
イェルサレム (ierusaremu) - Jerusalem
イェロー (ieroo) - Yellow

W sound

In hiragana, ( w ) can only occur with ( a ), but in katakana, other combinations are possible; ( w ) is represented as ウ and the following vowel in a small letter. 

ウィーク (uiiku) - Week
ウェスト (uesuto) - West
スクウェア (sukuuea) - Square
ウォーター (uootaa) - Water

Consonant break

Like in hiragana, long consonants (or double consonants) are represented with a small ッ in katakana.

 エッグ  (eggu) - Egg
キャッシュ (kyasshu) - Cash
フロッピー (furoppi) - Floppy
ベッド (beddo) - Bed

*Be mindful that most of these words have a word in Japanese, they are not always anglicised!

The reading and writing rules for katakana is what makes them so hard for students to learn. Unfortunately for them, they appear in everyday Japanese texts, so we cannot jump over them and not learn them. More and more Japanese borrow words from English and other languages, thus the use of katakana takes more and more space. 

Now that you have learned the katakana, you can spell your name! If your name is not Japanese, you can write it in katakana. My mother’s name for example; ソニア (Sonia – Sonya). 
Or the name of your pets! My cat’s name for example; ムーン (Mu-n – Moon).
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Congratulations! You passed the katakana!
おめでとう!!!

Now that you know the katakana, you can almost read everything in Japanese! 
Kanji is just the final step. If you want to dive into kanji right away, I have a good book to recommend all my students to buy if they want to study kanji.

Kanji Look and Learn: 512 kanji with illustrations and mnemonic hints
イメージで覚える「げんき」な漢字512
By Eri Banno, Yoko Ikeda, Chikako Shinagawa, Kaori Tajima and Kyoko Takashiki

I won't make a list of words to learn this time, since you have a bunch up there already.
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You have completed lesson 4!
レッシュン4ができました!