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どうしてにほんごがじょうずですか？よくべんきょうしますから！
Doushite nihongo ga juouzu desu ka? Yoku benkyou shimasu kara!
Why is your Japanese good? Because I study a lot!
Because
In an earlier lesson, we learned how to say 'why' with either どうして, なぜ or なんで, but we did not learn how to respond to this question. Now, we will!
We also saw から as a particle meaning 'from'. In this lesson, we will learn it as a word meaning 'because'. Much like が or けど (but), you will find it at the end of a clause, and not before, like in English.
Why are you absent from work?
どうしておしごとをやすみますか？
Doushite oshigoto o yasumimasu ka?
Because I am sick, I am taking off.
びょうきですから、やすみます。
Byouki desu kara, yasumimasu.
You can think of the sentence like this: 'I am sick, therefore I am taking a day off.'
やすみます means 'to relax' or 'to rest' and in this case, it means that you are taking time off from work or a vacation from work.
Since it is dangerous, don't go.
あぶないですから、いかないで。
Abunai desu kara, ikanaide.
Be careful: から is mostly used in sentences where we express a subjective reasoning, such as personal beliefs. It can also be used to make excuses, commands, and invitations.
If we want to state objective reasons or causes, such as facts or common sense, we use ので or なので. ので will follow a verb, whereas なので will follow a noun.
Since a typhoon came, classes were dismissed (cancelled).
たいふうがきましたので、じゅうぎょうはきゅうこうしました。
Taifuu ga kimashita node, juugyou wa kyuukou shimashita.
Since he is an office worker, he has overtime work.
かれはかいしゃいんなので、ざんぎょうがあります。
Kare wa kaishain nanode, zangyou ga arimasu.
This can be confusing at first, since in English, you don't have many ways to say 'because'. In both sentences, you are using the same word; there is no distinction between what's objective and what's subjective. Be assured that even if you mix these up, people will still understand you. Again, this is for good grammar purposes and you should remember the differences.
ので does not really work with the verb です; we usually omit the verb and only use the noun, hence why there is this version なので.
Thus, this sentence does not work.
Since he is an office worker, he has overtime work.
かれはかいしゃいんですので、ざんぎょうがあります。
Kare wa kaishain desu node, zangyou ga arimasu.
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Particles や and など
In an earlier lesson, we learned how to say 'and' with と. These particles (や and など) somewhat do the same thing, but や is mostly used to show that the list is not exhaustive. など can somewhat be translated as 'among other things'.
Take a look at these examples:
I bought a book and a pen at the store.
みせでほんとぺんをかいました。
Mise de hon to pen o kaimashita.
I bought a book and a pen, among other things, at the store.
みせでほんやぺんなどをかいました。
Mise de hon ya pen nado o kaimashita.
It can also be used multiple time in a sentence.
At the restaurant, I ate sushi, takoyaki, curry and so on.
レストランですしやたこやきやカレーをたべました。
Resutoran de sushi ya takoyaki ya karee o tabemashita.
Mostly, if you buy, for instance, only two or three things at the grocery store, it isn't such a pain to list what you bought. But if you bought many things, this sentence structure helps you to tell the person that you bought certain items, amongst other things, so that you don't start listing all the things you have bought.
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もう, まだ and また
もう (already) appears in affirmative sentences to express that something has occurred. まだ is similar to the English 'yet' or 'still'. It frequently, but not always, appears in negative sentences and means that some expected event has not yet occurred. When responding to もう〜か, use まだです for now, as to express we haven't done something requires a different construction in Japanese.
It's already 10 o'clock, eh?
もうじゅうじですね。
Mou juu ji desu ne.
Have you eaten lunch yet?
もうひるごはんをたべましたか？
Mou hiru gohan o tabemashita ka?
No, I haven't. (Not yet)
いいえ、まだです。
Iie, mada desu.
Here is an expression we use with もう that might be useful to learn.
That's enough.
もういいですよ。
Mou ii desu yo.
You will also hear もう when someone is complaining.
Aaah, stop.
もうやめてよ。
Mou yamete yo.
また, on the other hand, means 'again'.
Let's meet again!
またあいましょうね！
Mata aimashou ne!
You've heard it in expressions like じゃまた or またね, which roughly translates to 'see you again'.
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かぞく - Family
はは - Mother
ちち - Father
おや - Parent
そぼ - Grandmother
そふ - Grandfather
おとうと - Younger brother
あに - Older brother
いもうと - Younger sister
あね - Older sister
おば - Aunt
おじ - Uncle
いとこ - Cousin
おっと - Husband
つま - Wife
そうそふぼ - Great-grandparent
こども - Child
むすめ - Daughter
むすこ - Son
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You have completed lesson 9!
レッシュン9ができました！
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