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レシピをみずにりょうりをつくられる？
Reshipi o mizuni ryouri o tsukurareru?
Can you cook without looking at the recipe?
Should (べき)
べき is a verbal suffix that is used to express that something needs to be done in a moral obligation or a duty. It has a stronger meaning than ほうがいい or はず. Thus, we will not see it in suggestions.
There are also different forms of べき which will take on different meanings and will have different levels of formality between them.
VERB + べき + だ
VERB + べき + NOUN
With the verb する, you will sometimes see it as するべき, which is the colloquial form, or すべき, which is more formal.
Obligation: you should do
The basic form of べき is to indicate that you should or you must do something. Coupled with the verb だ or です, it shows that you have to do something.
You should/must apologise to her.
かのじょにあやまるべきだ。
Kanojo ni ayamaru beki da.
In this case, it isn't a suggestion, but rather an imperative that you must apologise to the person. べき conveys that there is a duty or an obligation to perform a certain task.
You should study more.
もっとべんきょうすべきだ。
Motto benkyou subeki da.
べき followed by a noun
When べき is followed by a noun, it indicates something we should do.
There are a lot of things I should do.
やるべきことがいっぱいある。
Yaru beki koto ga ippai aru.
Do not use べき for hints or suggestions. As the use of べき is very strong, we cannot use it to make suggestion. It is interpreted as 'you have the obligation to'.
There are other ways to make suggestions to people, but if you use べき to do so, this will sound as a rebuke.
Therefore, べき should be used to indicate what I myself should do, indicate a general rule that everyone should follow, or ask someone their opinion on what you should or should not do.
Hey, do you think I should call him?
ねぇ、かれにでんわをするべきだとおもう？
Nee, kare ni denwa suru beki da to omou?
Using べき in the negative
VERB + べき + ではない
VERB + べき + じゃない
When we change べき into the negative form, it becomes 'shouldn't'.
You shouldn't say things like that.
そんなことをいうべきではない。
Sonna koto o iu beki dewanai.
Using べき in the past
VERB + べき + だった
VERB + べき + ではなかった (negative)
It is possible to conjugate it in the past as well. In this case, it conveys that you feel regret, that you should have done something, but you didn't.
I should have asked her her phone number.
かのじょのでんわばんごをきくべきだった。
Kanojo no denwa bango o kiku beki datta.
Using the particle か with べき
べき can also be used with the particle か.
VERB + べき + か
In this case, this form is expressed when you wonder if you should or shouldn't take any action.
To live or to die.
いきるべきかしぬべきか。
Ikiru beki ka shinu beki ka.
It is possible to use かどうか to emphasise the meaning.
I wonder whether or not I should buy a car.
くるまをかうべきかどうかまよっている。
Kuruma o kau beki kadouka mayotteiru.
Indicating a purpose with べく
Grammatically, べく is the conjunctive form of べき.
But, べく is different than べき.
べく is in fact used to indicate an action performed to achieve a predetermined purpose. It can be translated as 'for the purpose of'.
He entered law school to become a lawyer.
かれは、べんごしになるべくほうがくぶにはいった。
Kare wa, bengoshi ni naru beku hougakubu ni haitta.
べくもない there is no chance
This expression means 'there is no chance (of something happening)'.
This means that even if you really try hard, there is no way of achieving what you want to achieve.
A drawing cannot be compared to a photograph.
えはしゃしんにはおよぶべくもない。
E wa shashin ni haoyobu beku mo nai.
There is no chance to remember all the kanji.
かんじをぜんぶおぼえるべくもない。
Kanji o zenbu oboeru beku mo nai.
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Probably not まい
まい is used in two ways: assumptions about facts and people, and a strong willingness to not do something.
It can be translated into many things: probably isn't, probably doesn't, won't, must not, or don't intend to.
VERB (ichidan without る) + まい
たべる -- たべ -- たべまい
VERB (godan in infinitive) + まい
いく -- いくまい
Irregular verbs
するまい, but also しまい or すまい
くる becomes こまい
まい is perceived as an auxiliary verb and is used in negative contexts. It has a negative meaning. It is the opposite form of the volition form.
I vowed not to smoke again.
もうにどとタバコをすうまいとちかった。
Mou nido to tabako o suumai to chikatta.
In this case, this expression can be replaced with しないつもりだ (I am not going to do it, I will never do).
にどと + a negative verb form means 'I won't... never again'.
I won't go again.
にどといくまい。
Nido to ikumai.
Never be a slothful person.
けっしてなまけものにはなるまい。
Kesshite namake mono ni wa narumai.
なるまい means そうならないようにするつもりだ, we intend that this does not happen.
This time we won't repeat that.
こんかいはあれをくりかえすまい。
Konkai wa are o kurikaesumai.
I will never climb up and down this hill again.
もうこのさかをのぼりおりすることはにどとあるまい。
Mou kono saka o noboriori suru koto wa nido to arumai.
The prices are expensive, the service is bad, I will never go to this shop again.
りょうきんはたかいし、サービスはさいあくだし、もうにどとあんなみせにいくまい。
Ryoukin wa takai shi, saabisu wa saiaku da shi, mou nido to anna mise ni ikumai.
It is before an important exam, so I won't go out.
だいじなしけんのまえだからあそびにいくまい。
Daijina shiken no mae da kara asobini ikumai.
Assumptions
We use まい to assume that a fact will not or does not occur, a negative assumption.
Nobody ever believes what he says.
かれのいうことなんて、だれもしんじまい。
Kare no iu koto nante, daremo shinjimai.
At this time, I won't be in time for the last train.
このじかんだと、さすがにしゅうでんにはまにあうまい。
Kono jikan da to, sasuga ni shuuden ni wa maniaumai.
It can never get worse than this.
けっしてこれよりわるくなるまい。
Kesshite kore yori waruku narumai.
けっして means 'never'.
Children won't eat such spicy food.
こどもはこんなからいものはたべまい。
Kodomo wa konna karai mono wa tabemai.
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Not necessarily からといって
This expression means 'not necessarily', 'just because', 'even if'. It is used to give a negative opinion about an idea or an action of the person we are talking to.
VERB + からといって
い-ADJ + からといって
な-ADJ な + だ + からといって
NOUN + だ + からといって
からといって is formed of から, which indicates the origin of the criticism, meaning 'given the fact that' or 'it does not mean that'; of と, which is used to signify a quote someone said; and of いって, which is the て form of the verb いう, which means 'to say'.
Just because you failed once, it doesn't mean you will fail again.
いちどしっぱいしたからといって、つぎもしっぱいするとはかぎらない。
Ichido shippai shita karatoitte, tsugi mo shippai suru to wa kagiranai.
In this example, からといって follows the verb しっぱいする (to fail), so it indicates that failing once does not mean that you will fail again. In this case, the expression is used to criticise the idea that the interlocutor has about failing again since they already failed once.
からといって is often seen with とはかぎらない, which means 'not necessarily'.
からといって can also be found with the expression わけではない.
からといって is used to criticise someone's idea or opinion. In that case, we are telling or advising the interlocutor to not take a certain action just because we are in a certain situation.
Just because it is itchy doesn't mean you should scratch it that much.
ゆかいからといってあんまりかかないかたがいいよ。
Yukai karatoitte anmari kakanai kata ga ii yo.
Just because they are children doesn't mean this behaviour is forgivable.
こどもだからといって、 ゆるされるこういじゃない。
Kodomo da karatoitte, yurusareru koui janai.
This sentence means 'just because they are kids, this isn't forgivable behaviour.'
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And やら
やら is an expression meaning 'and' as a conjunction for lists and items, but it is used in various contexts and translations will vary depending on specific situations.
やら has various uses and is positioned in various places in a sentence. It can be found as an adverb combined with a verb, as an adverb combined with a noun, and as a final particle in a sentence.
NOUN + やら
VERB + やら
い-ADJ + やら
な-ADJ + やら
It is also found joined with the particle の to become のやら, with verbs, nouns and adjectives.
やら typically expresses doubt or uncertainty, even dismay or concern.
My daughter plays everyday, I really don't know what she is doing.
むすめはまいにちゲームばかりして、なにをしているのやら。
Musume wa mainichi geemu bakari shite, nani o shiteiru no yara.
In this example, やら shows the concern of the parent about what their daughter is doing.
I cannot remember where I put my passport.
どこにパスポートをおいたのやら、おもいだせない。
Doko ni pasupooto o oita no yara, omoidasenai.
Here, the use of やら conveys a feeling of concern as to where you put your passport. This sentence without やら can work, but this feeling of deep concern would not be conveyed.
My friend always seems to be in a bad mood. I really don't know why he is dissatisfied.
ともだちはいつもふきげんそうだ。いったいなにがふまんなのやら、わからない。
Tomodachi wa itsumo fukigensou da. Ittai nani ga fumanna no yara, wakaranai.
Here, you express concern over why your friend is always in a bad mood. いったい in this sentence means 'on earth' as in 'I don't know why on earth he is dissatisfied'.
やら〜やら for lists
Do you remember the particles や and など? Well, やら can also be a substitute for these.
It is used in cases where the situations are similar to one another.
In the wallet, there are cards, receipts, etc.
さいふのなかにカードやらレシートやらがはいっている。
Saifu no naka ni kaado yara reshiito yara ga haitteiru.
It is also used in union with verbs.
Yesterday, between the rain and the strong wind, we didn't go anywhere.
きのうはあめがふるやらつよいかぜがふくやらで、どこへもいかなかった。
Kinou wa ame ga furu yara tsuyoi kaze ga fuku yara de, doko e mo ikanakatta.
The contexts in which やら〜やら is used are often negative in nature, describing unpleasant situations or situations difficult and annoying to deal with.
Your room is cluttered with books and clothes. Please, clean that up.
あなたのへやはほんやらふくやらでちらかっている。そうじしてください。
Anata no heya wa hon yara fuku yara de chirakatteiru. Souji shite kudasai.
Differences between やら〜やら and や and たり〜たり
They might be synonyms, but や can only work with nouns and expresses a non-exhausting lists of things. たり〜たり expresses a chain of actions, attached to verbs to say that we did this, and we did that. It is the verb counterpart of や.
In the case of やら〜やら, as mentioned, it will be used in unpleasant situations and will be used with both nouns and verbs.
どうやら it seems that
どうやら, as an adverb, means 'apparently' or 'evidently'.
どうやら combined with a verb means 'it seems that'.
Apparently, there has been a misunderstanding.
どうやらごかいがあったようだ。
Douyara gokai ga atta you da.
Apparently, there will be rain tomorrow.
どうやらあしたはあめらしい。
Douyara ashita wa ame rashii.
Other examples:
I do not understand what my daughter might think about recently, even though I am a woman myself.
さいきんむすめがなにをかんがえているやら、おんなのわたしでもわからない。
Saikin musume ga nani o kangaeteiru yara, onna no watashi de mo wakaranai.
Let's dissect this sentence since it is a long one.
さいきん is 'recently'. むすめ is 'daughter'. なにをかんがえている is 'what to think about'.
おんなのわたし is 'me as a woman'. でも here is like 'even if'. わからない is 'to not understand'.
What should I do now?
これからどうしたらよいのやら。
Kore kara dou shitara yoi no yara.
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Without doing ず
The auxiliary verb ず is similar to ない. We all know by now (I hope!) that ない is the negative form of verbs in the casual form. While ない is the most used form of the negative, ず, albeit being a very formal way of saying the negative, will still be used in certain situations.
Ichidan verbs
たべる -- たべ -- たべず
みる -- み -- みず
I went to work without eating breakfast.
あさごはんをたべずにしごとにいきました。
Asagohan o tabezu ni shigoto ni ikimashita.
Godan verbs
You have to change the う sound to its あ sound to form the negative.
よむ -- よま -- よまず
いく -- いか -- いかず
のこる -- のこら -- のこらず
おもう -- おもわ -- おもわず
Irregular verbs
する -- せず
くる -- こず
As mentioned, ず behaves like ない as a verb ending to express the negative. ない will be the most common, as ず is part of the classical Japanese, which was spoken centuries ago. This is why we can see this auxiliary in stories or TV shows that take place in the past in Japanese.
However, it is still in use in some situations, such as in very formal contexts or in written material, such as poetry and such.
When we add に after ず, it forms the meaning 'without doing'.
You said it without thinking.
なにもおもわずにいいました。
Nanimo omowazu ni iimashita.
Cooking without looking at the recipe.
レシピをみずにりょうろをつくる。
Reshipi o mizu ni ryouri o tsukuru.
I thought I would teach you this auxiliary even though we do not encounter it much anymore. But in case you watch anime or TV shows that take place in the past, you will now know what it means if you encounter it there!
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You have completed lesson 31!
レッシュン31ができた！
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