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バレタインにおとこがおんなからチョコレートをもらいます。
Baretain ni otoko ga onna kara chokoreeto o moraimasu.
For Valentine's Day, boys receive chocolate from girls.
To give and to receive
Today, we will see the verbs あげる, くれる and もらう.
あげる
あげる literally means 'to give'. It will require the particle を.
I want to give flowers to mum.
おかあさんにはなをあげたい。
Okaasan ni hana o agetai.
I will give chocolate to Shaoran-kun for Valentine.
バレンタインにシャオランくんにチョコレートをあげます。
Barentain ni Shaoran-kun ni chokoreeto o agemasu.
This verb can only be used if the giver is yourself. You cannot use it to say that someone gave you something. In this case, you will either use くれる or もらう.
Thus, this sentence will be wrong.
Shaoran gave me chocolate.
X わたしにシャオランはチョコレートをあげた。
X Watashi ni Shaoran wa chokoreeto o ageta.
To use this verb, you must be the giver.
If you are talking about two people, however, you can use it.
Sakura-chan gave chocolate to Shaoran-kun.
さくらちゃんはシャオランくんにチョコレートをあげました。
Sakura-chan wa Shaoran-kun ni chokoreeto o agemashita.
It can also be used with verbs. Verbs will be in the 〜て form.
I offered to help. (I gave help)
てつだってあげました。
Tetsudatte agemashita.
くれる
くれる is used to say that someone gave us something. It is used a lot with verbs.
With verbs, it will be attached to the 〜て form of verbs.
Wait a minute, can you give me a hand? (Literally, can you give help)
ちょっとまって、てつだってくれますか？
Chotto matte, tetsudatte kuremasu ka?
Thank you for saving me.
たすけてくれてありがとう。
Tasukete kurete arigatou.
With nouns, it will require the particle を.
Can you give me this hammer?
このハンマーをくれますか？
Kono hanmaa o kuremasu ka?
くれる only works if you are not the giver.
So, to be clear: あげる is when you are the giver and くれる is when someone else is the giver.
もらう
もらう literally means 'to receive'.
Like くれる, using it with verbs will require the 〜て form and with nouns, it will require the particle を.
I got chocolate from Sakura.
さくらからチョコレートをもらいました。
Sakura kara chokoreeto o moraimashita.
I received help.
てつだってもらった。
Tetsudatte moratta.
So, just a little recap:
あげる is 'to give' and only works if you are the giver.
くれる means 'to give' and only works when the giver is not yourself.
もらう means 'to receive'.
プレゼントをあげます。
I give a present.
プレゼントをくれます。
Someone gives me a present.
プレゼントをもらいます。
I receive a present.
*You saw these verbs being used with other verbs. When these verbs are coupled with other verbs, they mean that you are giving, or someone is giving or you are receiving a service.
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In order to and for
The expression 〜ために can mean 'in order to' or 'for'.
VERB (infinitive) + ために
NOUN + のために
Please, push the button to start.
スタートするために、ボタンをおしてください。
Sutaato suru tame ni, botan o oshite kudasai.
I will become a warrior, in order to protect my city.
わたしのまちをまもるため、せんしになります。
Watashi no machi o mamoru tame, senshi ni narimasu.
In more casual speech, the particle に can be omitted.
For my health, I go run every morning.
けんこうのために、まいあさにはしっています。
Kenkou no tame ni, maiasa ni hashitteimasu.
ために, like たびに, is pretty straightforward.
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To say and to hear
The verb 'to say' in Japanese is いう. Today, we will learn how to say things like 'someone said...' 'I've been told that...'
In formal speech, you will see this construction the most: という.
With な-adjectives and nouns, it requires だ.
My friend told me that the cheesecakes of this shop are the best.
ともだちはこのみせのチーズケーキがさいこうだといった。
Tomodachi wa kono mise no chiizu keeki ga saikou da to itta.
About tomorrow, Reina said she had a concert.
あしたね、れいなはコンサートがあるといいました。
Ashita ne, Reina wa konsaato ga aru to iimashita.
Quotation marks in Japanese look like this: 「...」
If you ever want to write down a quote someone said, you will use these.
I told him "stop with the stupid jokes."
わたしはかれに「つまらないじょうだんってやめて」といったの。
Watashi wa kare ni 「tsumaranai joudan tte yamete」to itta no.
って is an interesting construction. It has two purposes. For one, we can use it in more casual dialogues, by replacing と.
I told you to stop!
やめてっていってたのに！
Yamete tte itteta no ni!
It is also used to explain what something is.
What is a jinja?
じんじゃってなんですか？
Jinja tte nan desu ka?
Jinja is a place you go to pray to God.
じんじゃはかみにいのるところです。
Jinja wa kami ni inoru tokoro desu.
To hear
きく is the verb 'to hear' and it has a similar construction as いう.
I heard his mood got better recently.
さいきんかれはきぶんがよくなったとききました。
Saikin kare wa kibun ga yoku natta to kikimashita.
I heard Sakura is a pretty girl.
さくらはきれいなおんなのこだときいたの。
Sakura wa kireina onna no ko da to kiita no.
It seems to be a lot to remember how to construct sentences depending on if it is a verb, a noun, or an adjective, but many constructions have the same basic structures when you really think about it.
I am sure with patience, you will be able to remember them all!
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Congratulations! You passed through lesson 16!
Since we touched a little bit on it when discussing jinja, I will leave you with some words related to Japanese religion and mythology.
In Japan, there are three main religions: Shinto, Buddhism, and Christianity.
Most Japanese people are of the shinto religion. Although, many do not show that they are religious, in certain events, we will go to a temple to say our thanks or pray for something to come, like for New Year. Typically, we will drop money in the small fountains, ring the bell, clap two times, bow and wish for something.
In some shrines, we will also be able to have our fortune told. Mikuji are fortunes written on strips of paper. Usually, when we receive a bad fortune, we have to tie the strip of paper to a pine tree or a wall of metal wires alongside other bad fortunes. In the event of a good fortune, we have two options: either we tie it to a tree or to a wire for the fortune to have greater effects, or we can keep it for good luck.
じんじゃ - shrine
てら - temple
かみ - God
きょうかい - church
おみやげ - souvenir
おみやげや - souvenir shop
いのる - to pray
ぶんか - culture
でんとう - tradition
でんしょう - folklore
しんわ - mythology, myth
でんせつ - legend
さいし - priest
おみくじ - fortune written on slips of paper
だいきち - great blessing
きち - blessing
しょうきち - small blessing
はんきち - half-blessing
すえきち - future blessing
すえしょうきち - future small blessing
きょう - misfortune
ほうがく - auspicious/inauspicious directions
ねがいごと - one's wish or desire
まちびと - a person being waited for
うせもの - lost articles
たびだち - travels
あきない - business dealings
がくもん - studies or learning
そうば - market speculations
あらそいごと - disputes
れんあい - romantic relationships
てんきょ - moving or changing residence
しゅっさん - childbirth, delivery
びょうき - illness, sickness
えんだん - marriage proposal, engagement
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You have completed lesson 16!
レッシュン16ができた！
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