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おんがくをききながら、べんきょうしている。
Ongaku o kikinagara, benkyou shiteiru.
I study while listening to music.
When
Today, we will extend our knowledge of expressing different sentences.
'When', 'during', 'while', and 'each time' will be expressions that will greatly improve your Japanese.
Technically, 'when' in Japanese is いつ, but in the case of meaning 'when I....' we will use とき, which means 'time'.
With verbs:
VERB (infinitive) + ときに
With nouns:
NOUN + のときに
When I cook, I always listen to music.
りょうりをするときに、いつもおんがくをきく。
Ryouri o suru toki ni, itsumo ongaku wo kiku.
When I was in elementary school, I used to wear skirts.
しょうがっこうのときに、スカートをきました。
Shougakkou no toki ni, sukaato o kimashita.
We had fun when you came to my place.
うちにきたとき、たのしかった！
Uchi ni kita toki, tanoshikatta!
In casual speech, you can drop the particle に.
You can also attach the particle から to mean 'from the time...'
I've always been an energetic child from the time I was born.
うまれたときから、いつもげんきなこどもだった。
Umareta toki kara, itsumo genkina kodomo datta.
You can plug in まで as well to say 'until the time...'
Do you best until (the time) you become a warrior.
せんしになるときまで、がんばるぞ。
Senshi ni naru toki made, ganbaru zo.
ぞ is a end-of-sentence particle, much like よ, commonly used in familiar speech by boys or men.
The version used by girls or women is わ.
It will definitely be okay!
ぜったいだいじょうぶですわ！
Zettai daijoubu desu wa!
いつ is more of a question word, as in 'when is your birthday?'
ときに really expresses the time when you do or did something.
It can also be attached to verbs in any other tense, negative, past or past negative.
When I am not cleaning the house, I watch TV.
そうじしていないとき、テレビをみる。
Souji shiteinai toki, terebi o miru.
When I was studying Japanese, I was reading books often.
にほんごをべんきょうしましたとき、ほんをよくよんでいました。
Nihongo o benkyou shimashita toki, hon o yoku yondeimashita.
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During
Now, there are plenty of ways to say 'during' in Japanese, but be careful, they are NOT interchangeable.
Japanese, as you may have noticed, is a language that relies heavily on how you say things, because the choice of words will determine what you want to mean or say in a certain context.
For instance, in English, the words 'during' or 'while' can basically be used at all times. For instance, 'while I am making dinner, I am listening to music', 'I fell asleep during his speech', 'it is while in university that you should enjoy your time', 'it is downloading (at this very moment)'....
Well, in Japanese, all of these will require a different word to say 'during', because all of these sentences do not mean exactly the same thing in Japanese.
I would say that this is what triggers most of my students about Japanese, because they all ask me why using 10 000 different words when you can simply use one? Well, in my opinion, this is what makes Japanese easy to grasp, because the words you will use will convey different things.
We will see other constructions like this in the near future.
So, to make it simple, let's see the different ways you can use 'during'!
Let's start with the easy one, ながら.
ながら
By using ながら, you are implying that while you are doing something, you are doing a secondary action. There are conditions for using this expression, however: the actions have to be done by the same subject (therefore, you cannot use it to say 'while I watch TV, my sister is cooking'); it can be used with nouns and adjectives; the verb stems will be used.
VERB STEM + ながら
I am cooking while listening to music.
おんがくをききながら、りょうりをしている。
Ongaku o kikinagara, ryouri o shiteiru.
I am calling my friends while watching TV.
テレビをみながら、ともだちにでんわする。
Terebi o minagara, tomodachi ni denwa suru.
You can determine what is the primary and secondary action if you invert the sentences.
'While listening to music, I am cooking.'
あいだに
あいだに is used as in 'within that time frame'; the subject of both actions do not have to be the same; the verbs have to be in 〜ている (〜ています) form; it can follow nouns and adjectives, and one action doesn't have to happen at the same time as the other one, it only means that B happened at some point of A.
VERB (〜ている) + あいだに
NOUN + のあいだに
While I am watching TV, my sister is cooking.
テレビをみているあいだに、おねえさんはりょうりをしている。
Terebi o miteiru aida ni, oneesan wa ryouri o shiteiru.
During his speech, I fell asleep.
スピーチのあいだに、ねむりにおちた。
Supiichi no aida ni, nemuri ni ochita.
あいだ will thus be used when two actions are done by different people.
うちに
うちに is used to express that a time is best to do something, unlike あいだに. It is similar to it as it can follow a noun or adjective, but verbs do not have to be in 〜ている form. It can be used with the 〜ない form to mean before A comes B. It is often used with giving orders or suggestions, so if you want to suggest that it is best to do (or bad to do) something, うちに is your choice.
Please eat this quickly while it is still warm.
これはまだあたたかいうちにはやくたべてください。
Kore wa mada atatakai uchi ni hayaku tabete kudasai.
Study to your absolute best while you are young.
わかいうちにいっしょうけんめいべんきょうしなさい。
Wakai uchi ni isshoukenmei benkyou shinasai.
To summarise: 〜ながら is typically used with verbs and demonstrates two actions done by the same person; あいだに demonstrates two actions done by different people and うちに is mainly used with orders or suggestions.
ちゅう
ちゅう is typically used in expressions that explain that something is in the midst of doing an action. Typically, you will see it in electronics such as ダウンロードちゅう（中）(in the midst of downloading). Or in cases such as, for instance, if there is a reading session going on at a library for students, the librarian might post a sign saying 'Be quiet, reading session' よみちゅう（読み中）
You can use it to say 'in the midst of'.
I am in the midst of my studies.
べんきょうちゅうしています。
Benkyou chuu shiteimasu.
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Each time
To say 'each time', we use the expression たびに.
VERB (infinitive) + たびに
い-ADJ. + たびに
な-ADJ. 〜 な + たびに
NOUN + のたびに
Every time I go to work, I am tired.
しごとにいくたびに、つかれた。
Shigoto ni iku tabi ni, tsukareta.
Every time I see Reina, I am looking forward to it.
れいなにあうたびに、たのしみする。
Reina ni au tabi ni, tanoshimi suru.
Every time I am busy, I miss the train.
いそがしいたびに、でんしゃをのりおくれる。
Isogashii tabi ni, densha o noriokureru.
This sentence structure is rather straightforward.
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たべる - to eat
のむ - to drink
いく - to go
くる - to come
あるく - to walk
はしる - to run
よむ - to read
かく - to write
みる - to look, to watch
あける - to open
とじる - to close
はなす - to speak
ひく - to catch (a cold), to play (an instrument)
あそぶ - to play
のぼる - to climb
おしえる - to teach
まなぶ/ならう - to learn
かんがえる - to wonder, to think about
えらぶ - to choose
こたえる - to answer
きく - to hear, to listen, to ask
かう - to buy
かえす - to give back
うる - to sell
べんきょうする - to study
りょうりする - to cook
きる - to wear, to cut
でる - to go out
はいる - to enter
とる - to take
もつ - to hold, to have
まつ - to wait
おす - to push
かわる - to change
かえる - to go back (home)
つかう - to use
もってくる - to bring
まもる - to protect
もどる - to return, to go back
うたう - to sing
おどる - to dance
おちる - to fall, to drop
たつ - to stand
すわる - to sit
わたる - to cross, traverse
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You have completed lesson 14!
レッシュン14ができました！
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