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にほんごをべんきょうするほうがいいです！
Nihongo o benkyou suru hou ga ii desu!
I would rather study Japanese!
To need
To say that we need something, we can use ひつようです. It means that something is necessary, thus we need it. ひつよう can be translated as 'a necessity'.
This should not get confused with the form なければなりません,
which is more 'to need' as a 'must do'.
With nouns, we will use this construction:
NOUN + が + ひつようです
NOUN + は + ひつようです
With verbs, we prefer this construction:
VERB (infinitive) + ひつようがある
This is necessary.
それはひつようです。
Sore wa hitsuyou desu.
I need a place to play soccer.
サッカーをれんしゅうするばしょがひつようです。
Sakkaa o renshuu suru basho ga hitsuyou desu.
Married couples need to understand each other.
ふうふはおたがいにりかいしあうことがひつようです。
Fuufu wa otagai ni rikai shiau koto ga hitsuyou desu.
*In this example, the verb りかいしあう acts as a noun because of こと (nominalizer).
My little brother doesn't need to go to school.
わたしのおとうとはきょうがっこうにいくひつようがない。
Watashi no otouto wa kyou gakkou ni iku hitsuyou ga nai.
The doctor told him he needs to quit smoking.
いしゃはかれにタバコをやめるひつようがあるといいました。
Isha wa kare ni tabako o yameru hitsuyou ga aru to iimashita.
I need to study more.
もっとべんきょうするひつようがあります。
Motto benkyou suru hitsuyou ga arimasu.
There is no need to go to the office today.
きょうはじむしょにいくひつようがありません。
Kyou wa jimusho ni iku hitsuyou ga arimasen.
There is a verb that means 'to need' as well, which is いる. Do not mix it with the existential verb いる (います). The existential verb いる is an ichidan verb, whereas the verb 'to need' いる is a godan verb.
Do you need ice?
こおりがいりますか？
Koori ga irimasu ka?
I don't need it.
いらない。
Iranai.
You can see the difference when these verbs are conjugated. Since いる (to need) is a godan verb, it will follow the same rule as other godan verbs.
います (there is)
いります (to need)
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To compare
To compare, we will use two words: より and ほうが.
より can somewhat be translated as meaning 'than'. They don't need to come together in a sentence.
Here are some sentences with より:
Reina is faster than Chiharu.
れいなはちはるよりはやいです。
Reina wa Chiharu yori hayai desu.
I think I am better at maths than Sakura.
わたしはさくらよりさんすうがじょうだとおもいます。
Watashi wa Sakura yori sansuu ga jouzu da to omoimasu.
Here are some sentences with ほうが:
NOUN + の + ほうが
VERB + ほうが
I prefer apples.
りんごのほうがすきです。
Ringo no hou ga suki desu.
I prefer playing games.
ゲームをするほうがすきです。
Geemu o suru hou ga suki desu.
Coupled with the verb すきです, it changes the meaning from 'I like' to 'I prefer'.
Owls are better.
ふくろうのほうがいいです。
Fukurou no hou ga ii desu.
Adding いい after ほうが, like in this sentence, will mean that something is better.
It's better if you read science books.
かがくのほんをよむほうがいいです。
Kagaku no hon o yomu hou ga ii desu.
Now, let's use them both together!
I prefer apples than oranges (I prefer apples to oranges).
オレンジよりりんごのほうがすきです。
Orenji yori ringo no hou ga suki desu.
I would rather play video games than watch TV.
テレビをみるよりゲームをするほうがいいです。
Terebi o miru yori geemu o suru hou ga ii desu.
Again, the use of いい makes it so that you would prefer to do something rather than other things.
Because I am scared of sharks, I would rather be in the mountains than in the ocean.
さめがこわいですから、うみよりやまのほうがいいです。
Same ga kowai desu kara, umi yori yama no hou ga ii desu.
Adding these kind of words to a sentence can change the meaning of it, as you can see. Adding ほうが to すき will change its meaning from 'like' to 'prefer', and adding the adjective いい after ほうが will add the meaning that you would rather have or do this than having or doing that.
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Before and after
'Before' is まえ and 'after' is あと.
We will now see how to say 'before X' and 'after X'.
Before
NOUN + の + まえに
VERB (inf) + まえに
Before going to soccer practice, I have to do my homework.
サッカーのれんしゅうのまえに、しゅくだいをしなきゃいけない。
Sakkaa no renshuu no mae ni, shukudai o shinakya ikenai.
Don't forget to wash your teeth before sleeping.
ねるまえに、はみがきをわすれないでね。
Neru mae ni, hamigaki o wasurenaide ne.
まえに is pretty straightforward. I wish I could say the same for 'after'...
After
For nouns, we will use:
NOUN + のあとで
After soccer practice, I went home.
サッカーのれんしゅうのあとで、かえりました。
Sakkaa no renshuu no ato de, kaerimashita.
I am meeting Reina after work.
おしごとのあとで、れいなにあいます。
Oshigoto no ato de, Reina ni aimasu.
Notice here that we use the particle で instead of に.
With verbs, it becomes a bit more difficult. There are many ways to say 'after doing something' and the meaning will change depending on what form you use.
The first one you should learn is 〜てから. It roughly means 'after ...ing'. Do not confuse this construction with the word 'because' (から). から (because) does not work with the 〜て form of verbs, so when you see this construction 〜てから, you can automatically deduct that it means 'after doing something'.
After returning home, I immediately ate.
いえにかえってから、すぐにたべました。
Ie ni kaettekara, sugu ni tabemashita.
Hint: if ever you are not sure if から means 'because' or 'after', translate it in your head. 'Because I return home, I immediately ate' sounds awful. In this case, you can translate から as meaning 'from'. 'From the time I returned home, I immediately ate' sounds better.
Another way to say 'after' with a verb is 〜たあとで. This sentence uses the past casual tense of verbs.
After I returned home, I immediately ate.
いえにかえったあとで、すぐにたべました。
Ie ni kaetta ato de, sugu ni tabemashita.
You can also use the 〜て form only to express a succession of actions.
After I returned home, I immediately ate.
いえにかえって、すぐにたべました。
Ie ni kaette, sugu ni tabemashita.
The second verb of the sentence will tell us that it is in the past, so we know that the verb かえる (to return home) is in the past even though it is in its 〜て form.
Another way you can say 'after' with verbs is the 〜たら form. This form however uses a hypothetical meaning.
When you arrive home, call me.
いえにかえったら、でんわをかけて。
Ie ni kaettara, denwa o kakete.
This creates a hypothesis that if and when you reach home, call me. We saw this construction when we learned the different ways of saying the conditional. As a hint, you can translate this sentence as 'if you arrive home, call me.'
Another expression we use is 〜とたん, which means 'exactly when' or 'just'.
Just as I lied there, I fell asleep.
ねたとたん、ねむりました。
Netatotan, nemurimashita.
Depending on the context and meaning, you would use any of these. There are other ways, but I think these are the most common that you will hear.
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To hope
The verb 'to hope' is, again, another way to confuse people, because there are several ways to convey our hopes. There are two words for the verb 'to hope' きぼう and のぞみ, but there are more than two ways of expressing it.
Let's see those two words before diving into the different ways of saying 'I hope'!
きぼう means 'hope' as a noun. Quite often, it will be used as a negative in casual language.
As long as we are living, there is still hope.
わたしたちはいきているかぎりまできぼうがある。
Watashitachi wa ikiteiru kagiri made kibou ga aru.
It can be used to express wishes.
They're going against my wishes.
かれらがわたしのきぼうにはんたいしている。
Karera wa watashi no kibou ni hantai shiteiru.
のぞみ also means 'hope' or 'wish'. Compared to きぼう, のぞみ has a more emotional and positive feel.
My wish is to go to Japan as an exchange student.
わたしののぞみはりゅうがくせいとしてにほんにいくことです。
Watashi no nozomi wa ryuugaku toshite nihon ni iku koto desu.
Reina's wish is to become a voice actress.
れいなののぞみはせいゆうになることです。
Reina no nozomi wa seiyuu ni naru koto desu.
Now, how do we say that we hope for something?
First, there is the expression 〜ように, which gives a vibe of 'I hope it goes well'. We attach it to verbs as is.
I hope it all goes smoothly.
すべてはうまくいきますように。
Subete wa umaku ikimasu you ni.
I hope I can be happy.
しあわせになれますように。
Shiawase ni naremasu you ni.
〜ように is typically used when we wish something at a shrine or temple.
といいな vs. といいね
といい is another way to say 'I hope'. The difference between the two expressions is that when you add な at the end, you are actually hoping for yourself. When you add ね, you are hoping for someone else.
I hope I can sleep tonight.
こんやよくねられるといいな。
Kon'ya yoku nerareru to ii na.
I hope you can sleep tonight.
こんやよくねられるといいね。
Kon'ya yoku nerareru to ii ne.
Just by changing the particle at the end, you can tweak the meaning of your sentence.
You caught a cold, eh? I hope you can feel better quickly!
かぜをひいたね。はやくよくなるといいね！
Kaze o hiita ne. Hayaku yoku naru to ii ne!
Be careful, as if you use な when wishing for someone else, you will sound really weird.
As an adverb, you can also use きっと, which means 'surely'.
If it is Sakura, I am sure it will be okay.
さくらならきっとだいじょうぶですよ。
Sakura nara kitto daijoubu desu yo.
In this case, you can translate it as 'I am sure'.
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You have completed lesson 18!
レッシュン18ができた！
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